Changes to Proof-of-Stake Inflation and Rewards

Previously, I proposed new network parameters to enhance network security which included a change of the static reward from 0.25% to 0.75% and a reduction of the coinage reward from 3% to 1%.

These parameters were built to keep PoS inflation roughly the same as before. However, if the network parameters are going to be changed, there is an opportunity to pick parameters which enhance rewards and increase PoS inflation. This would dilute non-minting coins and incentivise continuous minting to a greater extent, promoting network security.

Would increased rewards and PoS inflation be desirable?

The effects of different parameters are shown in the following chart (Static / Coinage). The PoS inflation is calculated by assuming the same proportion of the coinage reward is taken. The gross reward is the continuous optimised minting reward at an assumed 10% security. The net reward is the increase in supply share after taking into account PoS inflation (There is additional PoW inflation not taken into account). The UTXO size is the optimal size at 10% security.

Parameters PoS Inflation Max Inflation Gross Reward Net Reward UTXO size
Current 1.08% 3.25% 4.6% 3.48% 147 PPC
0.75% / 1% 1.03% 1.75% 7.81% 6.71% 29 PPC
0.8% / 1% 1.08% 1.80% 8.29% 7.13% 27 PPC
1% / 1% 1.28% 2% 10.22% 8.83% 22 PPC
1.2% / 1.2% 1.53% 2.4% 12.26% 10.57% 22 PPC
1.5% / 1.5% 1.92% 3% 15.33% 13.16% 22 PPC
2% / 2% 2.56% 4% 20.44% 17.43% 22 PPC
2.5% / 2.5% 3.19% 5% 25.56% 21.68% 22 PPC
3% / 3% 3.83% 6% 30.66% 25.84% 22 PPC

The new parameters include a removal of the ramp-up, a reduction in the min-age to 21 days and a reduction of the block interval to 5 minutes. Since the current parameters provide more rewards to occasional minters, the reward for continuous minting is less than the 0.8% / 1% option, despite the same PoS inflation.

It can be seen that a modest increase in PoS inflation can increase rewards dramatically when a 10% security is assumed. These higher rewards would be a an incentive to increase participation. The optimal UTXO size grows with the security level, so the low 22 PPC amounts would increase if the security level increases.

Higher PoS inflation can cause old questionable coins to be diluted (in terms of supply share) at a faster rate. These include large old wallets that may or may not be gone forever and leave questions about if they may disturb the network if they re-emerge in the future. There is less risk of an attack if the overall security level is increased, or these old coins are diluted.

Higher net rewards may encourage people to hold onto Peercoin and may incentivise buying to capitalise on these rewards.

A criticism of increasing PoS inflation is that the amount of realistically active coins is less than the total supply, so the PoS inflation on the active coins is higher. However, how are active coins measured, and how is it known if coins are truly dead?

Certain individuals may not mint due to not having access to a desktop computer or the willingness to run the client continuously. Higher PoS inflation would penalise them greater. However, active minting is important for PoS security and should be encouraged. Higher rewards may provide incentive for people to set-up desktop wallets, or minting pools may be created to capitalise on the higher rewards. Options to mint on mobile may be helpful, though holding large balances on mobile shouldn’t be encouraged. If people do hold large balances, it is not much to ask for them to run some software in the background on a computer.

Some people argue that the rewards should not be changed as people buy Peercoin expecting things to remain the same. However there is precedent of minting rewards being increased in 2020 when the static reward was first introduced.

Peercoin is not a security or contract. It can be changed by the consensus of those who run the code. People can choose to run whatever code and fork they wish. There is also precedent of this occurring with Ethereum (see Ethereum Classic and the DAO rollback) and Bitcoin (see Bitcoin Cash and other forks). If a hard fork may be contentious, it is possible to make it easier to operate two forks by preventing network conflicts and signature replay across forks.

Choosing 1.5% for both the static and coinage reward would only increase PoS inflation by ~0.84%, all-else-equal, with the maximum PoS inflation reducing from 3.25% to 3%. It would increase the net reward by ~9.58%, all-else-equal, which would be a major boost to minting incentives. This may be a fair compromise.

Should PoS Inflation be Increased by Some Amount?
  • Yes
  • No
0 voters
5 Likes

I strongly support MatthewLM’s proposal to increase PoS inflation and rewards 3% in Peercoin v0.15. The current state of the network reveals a critical vulnerability that demands action, and this change could be a game-changer for security and participation. Let’s look at the numbers. Peercoin’s total supply is 29 million PPC, but only ~5 million PPC are actively minting—less than 20% of the total. This means that right now, an attacker would need just 2.5 million PPC to control 50% of the staking power and launch a PoS attack. That’s alarmingly low when you consider how much of the supply is dormant. Of the 29M total supply, 94% (27.26M PPC) comes from Proof-of-Work (PoW) rewards from the early days, while only 6% (~1.74M PPC) has been minted through PoS. This heavy PoW skew shows that most coins are likely sitting in old, inactive wallets—potentially lost, but also potentially a ticking time bomb if they re-emerge. The current PoS inflation of 1.08% isn’t enough to dilute these dormant coins quickly or incentivize broader participation. With MatthewLM’s suggested 3.83% parameters, PoS inflation would rise to 3.83% but the net reward for minters would jump by ~30% (to 26% at 10% security). This is a massive boost for active participants, encouraging more of that 29M supply to start minting. If we can double the staking supply to 10M PPC, an attacker would need 5M PPC for a 50% attack—twice as much as today, significantly raising the bar for network security. Critics might argue this penalizes non-minters, but consider this: only 5M PPC are securing the network right now. If we don’t incentivize minting, we’re relying on a tiny fraction of the supply to protect us all. Higher rewards could spark the creation of minting pools or mobile-friendly options, making it easier for everyone to participate. Plus, diluting those 24M+ PoW coins faster reduces the risk of a sudden dump or attack from reawakened wallets. Peercoin’s strength lies in its community consensus. We’ve adapted before—look at the 2020 static reward introduction. A modest inflation bump to 3% with a huge reward boost is a fair trade-off to secure the network and reward active users. Let’s vote YES to strengthen Peercoin for the future!

3 Likes

The network security level is currently around 10%, so this means that it would take roughly 3M of non-minting coins (10% of total), or 1.5M of minting coins (5% of total) to act maliciously for a majority attack. However, a malicious actor could do a probabilistic attack at a lower share (See this: Bitcoin Confirmation Risk Calculator).

So it is imperative to increase network security.

If we went with the 3% / 3% option with 3.83% PoS inflation and an assumed linear 1% PoW inflation, inactive coins will be diluted by ~36% after 10 years. It’s a slow process but it would be combined with much higher minting incentives which should collectively improve security.

The increased PoS inflation could be tempered by ending PoW. Ending PoW would also stop miners dumping coins on the exchanges causing the price to be suppressed. However this is a separate topic.

Edit: If the participation increases, then the PoS inflation should also increase over 3.83% which would help dilution some more.

2 Likes

I agree with Matthew’s argument. Peercoin does have some large questionable addresses leftover from the early days of crypto, one possibly belonging to the dead exchange btce-e. It’s difficult to know if they are truly dead or just dormant, which I imagine could be kinda scary for outsiders.

The percentage of coins securing the network also needs to be higher. You can help solve both of these problems by raising PoS inflation. This will help dilute these large non-minting addresses over time so they are less of a potential threat. The new inflation will also be rewarded to minters who are actively securing the network, which will help raise the overall percentage of minting coins over time.

I also believe this should be combined with ending block rewards for PoW mining. For 12.5 years PoW has helped create a more decentralized network by distributing coins to new holders/minters, but I feel like it’s time for Peercoin to start growing up. In order to do that, it needs to transition away from the PoW supply distribution phase.

PoW puts constant downward pressure on the price from miners who sell their rewards on the market. Removing that source of sell pressure will help take a large burden off the community. Also, it will make it considerably easier to market Peercoin to the world, because the efficient/sustainable narrative will no longer be dragged down by criticisms about PoW mining. In my opinion, Peercoin can’t truly be “The Sustainable Cryptocoin” until we phase out PoW mining.

So I support a combined approach. Drop PoW mining to stop a large source of sell pressure on the market and improve Peercoin’s messaging consistency. Also raise PoS inflation to dilute massive non-minting addresses and increase the incentive to mint, as well as increasing the overall percentage of minting coins over time.

2 Likes

If the core idea is to dilute the btc-e wallets, and other dead addresses, then the best way to handle that is to crank up PoW inflation back to what it was in the early days. Basically, 10x or even 20x it. Force a total re-distribution of coins. That will also keep the price low for a while so that new people can come and buy a chunk of stake for reasonable money.

If PoS inflation is cranked up to even 3%, it only distributes the coins to people who already have the coins. Basically, you give more coins to one and the same 5M coins who are sustaining the network right now. Sounds like a conflict of interest, honestly. And it would take decades of that to dilute the addresses which keep you awake at night. It makes no sense.

The only realistic way to drop the mental load of those addresses is to start a chain from zero, with airdrop from this current chain. Something like patchcoin is doing with their airdrop.
However, patchcoin has nothing to lose, and peercoin has a bunch of history and reputation to lose. Imagine a guy coming around here in 5 years and asks what happened to his paper wallet, with 50k peercoins he stashed in 2018 and meant to keep for a decade? What will you tell that guy, how will you explain that his coins are no longer around as we did this airdrop thing and he’s late. Ciao bella.


Anyway, I agree with the removal of PoW soon. Maybe at 30M coin supply, given it is a nice round number. Removal of PoW was actually my proposal, of yesterday, in team channels. However, I do not agree with increased PoS inflation at all. It does nothing good IMO while it heavily favours one and the same 5M coins.

If patchcoin airdrop can be taken as a measuring stick, the actual supply of peercoin is 5M coins.

P.S.

Another way to force re-distribution is to lift the price up. People will sell for profit, some will walk away, new people will come in. Maybe one of the future pumps actually awakens some old dormant addresses, and they resurrect some supply. But that is a good thing, given that the supply of peercoins is super low.

2 Likes

great point, the voters are most likely heavy minters, so who wouldnt want more rewards?

2 Likes

yeah, voters might be minters chasing rewards. So what? The network’s hanging by a 5M thread. If bigger rewards wake up more coins and make us harder to attack, I’d rather pay the 5M than pray your “price pump” fairy tale magically fixes 27M of zombie supply. Old wallets waking up? Great, more coins to dump—still doesn’t mean they’ll stake. Stop dreaming and face the numbers.

1 Like

Sounds like the best approach is to crank up PoW by 50x and re-distribute coins from scratch.

Peerchemist, your 10x or 20x 50x 50000x PoW inflation plan is pure insanity—did you even glance at the whitepaper, or are you just making shit up? Sunny King and Scott Nadal hammered it in 2012: “proof-of-stake replaces proof-of-work” for security, with PoW as a temp gig that’s supposed to vanish. Peercoin’s built to ditch energy-wasting mining, not resurrect it like some early-days fanboy fantasy. We’ve got 29M PPC total, 94% (27.26M) from PoW clogging up BTC-e wallets and lost holes, and just 5M (6%) minting via PoS. An attacker needs a measly 2.5M PPC to 50% us, and you think spamming more PoW coins “redistributes” that? Miners snatch your jacked-up rewards, dump cheap, newbies grab some, and it all rots with the 27M dead pile. That’s not dilution—it’s a disaster. You are free to start new chain with 50KPOW reward. keep Peercoin close to whitepaper it setout back in 2012.

1 Like

Potential solutions so far with some pros and cons for each.

Increase PoS Inflation:

Pros:

  • Dilutes large potentially malicious addresses.
  • Raises the overall percentage of minting coins.
  • Encourages passive holders to start minting with a more attractive reward.

Cons:

  • Unfairly dilutes long-term holders (paper wallets and non-minters).
  • Possibly centralizing the supply around existing active minters (if few new minters join the network).

Increase PoW Inflation

Pros:

  • Dilutes large potentially malicious addresses.
  • Can be seen as a fairer solution, since everyone gets diluted (not just non-minters).
  • Could make it easier for new minters to join with a cheaper price.

Cons:

  • Even though it treats everyone more fairly, it would still suck to get diluted.
  • Will most likely crash the price with too much selling pressure, upsetting long-term holders.
  • Could potentially drive away active minters who aren’t happy about being diluted, lowering security.

Limited Airdrop to New Blockchain

Pros:

  • Removes all dead addresses from the supply.
  • Accomplishes the main goal quickly (not in decades).

Cons:

  • Punishes anyone not paying attention during the claims period (potentially tens of thousands of passive holders). Lots of angry people when they find out.
  • Loss of 12.5 year chain history.
  • Confusion and possible loss of funds by people trying to deposit funds from the old chain to exchanges running the new chain. (Similar to people sending BTC to BCH addresses).

If you can think of more pros and cons, let me know and I’ll add them to the list.

2 Likes

Around 28% of the coinage rewards are being obtained right now which suggests at least 8M undergoing staking in the last year though that is not an exact number due to the effects of the coinage cap.

Everyone is free to mint and gain rewards if they go up. If they choose not to, then they are not supporting security and those who do support security should be free to penalise them accordingly. People who have large holdings of Peercoin ought to take more interest.

A higher PoS reward would benefit even those who not participate as it protects the overall network from attacks and could potentially (no guarantees) support the price by encouraging people to buy and hold for the higher rewards. People may also be more willing to buy if they feel the chain is more secure.

I do think PoW should be ended now.


One thing brought up is about how higher PoS inflation would require more fees to offset. To that I said:

The increase in PoS inflation can be offset by removing PoW inflation too. So we could assume only PoS inflation. With 0.01 PPC fees per kb, that’s 10PPC per 1MB block. At 144 blocks per day, that’s 1,440 PPC burned per day with 144MB a day. If PoS inflation was 3.83%, then that’s around 3090 PPC minted a day at 30M coins. Solutions to ensure that full blocks would lead to deflation:

  • The throughput could be increased to accommodate more fee burning.
  • The PoS inflation could be targeted at no more than 1.76% for 30M coins.
  • The fees could be increased.
  • Some combination of balancing throughput, PoS inflation and fees.
2 Likes

I also don’t agree with the unfairness point, as anyone can mint Peercoin if they choose. Peercoin’s selling point is that minting is easily accessible, low electricity bill, and no need for ASICs. While a disengaged coin-holder may be unhappy to find the value of their peercoins eroded by higher inflation, they have a responsibility to pay attention to Peercoin issues, just as with anything else. So long as we take proper steps to inform people of any increase in inflation (the email newsletter, X, reddit, etc.) then we have acted reasonably. This is a fledgling technology and we need to do what is necessary.

Regarding the inflation rate, it is generally desirable for inflation to be moderate. The dollar and pound sterling have lost 99% value in a century. Do we want that for Peercoin?

That said, Peercoin is its own ecosystem, and it doesn’t matter if there are 30 million peercoins or 50 million. The inflation is decentralised among minters, so avoids the abuses associated with fiat inflation. Still, a large permanent inflation does not seem right.

Is it possible to have a dynamic POS inflation rate that is linked to addresses identified as inactive; as the inactive addresses fall in percentage share, the inflation will decline in step?

Or if that is too complicated, how about a seven-year plan – 7% inflation in year one, 6% in year two, 5% in year three, and so on, until Peercoin is back at 1% inflation in 2032. That will shrink the large inactive accounts, more quickly sooner, and provide double-digit minting rewards in the meantime. Or we could start at 10% and run it over ten years. Or whatever works in reducing the inactive addresses to a safe level, quickly.

A tapered multi-year year plan would also retain 1% POS inflation as the final goal, the original vision. 1% provides a 4% inflation for active minters, which is a good rate of return. If 1% is not sufficient in maintaining minting security, that can be revisited at the time. If POW inflation is removed, maybe that provides leeway for POS inflation to be increased a bit, to 1.5% or 2%.

1 Like

as my suggestions were not picked up, i’ll post them here myself. first of all, I want to make myself clear, i strongly disagree that peercoin economics should be changed drastically, pow rewards removed or inflated (we’ve just stabilized them at white paper level).

I also disagree that paper or hardware wallets should be diluted, however one quick and simple way to achieve dilution without perpetually changing inflation parameters would be to issue new peercoins doubling the peercoins of all addresses that have minted a block in the last 2 years 1 year from now.

4 Likes

oh, and also, for the record, voting on taxes or minting rewards is futile, of course individuals want to pay fewer taxes and minters want more rewards. that does not make a sound economic policy.

3 Likes

I would agree with you but needs 3 years instead of 1-2 Years.

The period could be set according to when the most recent big account of concern was last active. If, say, that was 2017, the period can be eight years. That provides as much allowance as possible.

Edit I’m not saying I necessarily support the airdrop proposition itself, but it’s another idea for people to consider.

1 Like

Another Idea: Let’s just have Peercoins expire that have not been moved or used in the minting process for a certain period. Make the period really generous, like 5-10 years. I think that would be a better solution instead of diluting everyone into oblivion.

With 5 million Peercoin currently participating in the minting process, are you suggesting the issuance of an additional 10 million coins through a PoS proposal? Are you proposing to increase the static reward or tie it to the number of coins? What time frame are you envisioning for the distribution of these 10 million coins?

There is not consensus for a change from the founding principal of 1% inflation, as evidenced by the poll in this post. As such, let us turn toward most accurately capturing that intent in the proposed options. I would argue that “simplicity” is also a key desirable feature. Finally, the most desirable feature is to minimize “blocks lost at optimum” and not to exacerbate it. As such, i would lean toward 1%/1%, which has the best utxo optimum behavior while also having good current and max inflation characteristics, as well as nominal simplicity of 1%/1%. Finally, the gross and net rewards seen are sizable but would likely drop with increased participation and most closely align with what i would deem by gut feeling are appropriate given current participation levels and security parameter. The presented table actually makes the choice pretty clear to me. I have about a dozen additional reasons why1%/1% is the right answer if you need more persuading.

1 Like

Can you explain why you are against higher inflation, at least temporarily, in view of the size of the old inactive accounts. Do you think these accounts represent a genuine problem? Are there any alternative ways to modify them?